Posted by: kgaboury | May 7, 2014

Virtual worlds and the future

While reading the article about ethnography in virtual worlds I found myself thinking about a couple of things: first, how do you account for people who cultivate alternate identities online? Like Donna discussed in class, you have the nerdy teenager who gets picked on in school, but when he logs into the World of Warcraft, he’s a level 95 warlock who exacts his revenge on bullies in the virtual world. How do you study something that is, in effect, complete fantasy?

My thinking is that you need to look into the reasons why people decide to join online communities in the first place. Is it out of boredom? A desire to escape from their mundane day-to-day lives? Loneliness? There are, for sure, myriad reasons why people log in, and these reasons probably predicate how they interact with people in the virtual world.

Another thought I had was about the vast future potential for virtual communities. They really haven’t been around for very long in the grand scheme of human existence. Second Life was launched in 2003 and World of Warcraft in 2004. That’s just around 10 years ago, folks. Ten or 20 years from now, what will these communities look like? Will we be able to strap on a pair of goggles and enter a Matrix-esque virtual world that’s better than the real one? How will future ethnographers study that kind of space?

Ahhnold

Posted by: kpokrass | May 7, 2014

Ethnographic Research

Boellstorff et al. (2012) state that Ethnography is “an approach for studying everyday life as lived by groups of people…” What’s interesting about this statement is that Boellstorff et al., refers to “groups of people” as people interacting in the virtual world. Prior to this class I only understood applied Ethnographic research in the context of traditional anthropology, like Bronislaw Malinowsky, who studied indigenous people while living on the Trobriand Islands. Traditionally, Ethnographic research was conducted “in the field” studying cultures living and interacting in their traditional environments. Now, Ethnography is applied to study the virtual world, social media sites (netnography), and utilized to innovate business systems by design/process Ethnography.

The way that we conduct research in the business world is now expanded by conducting ethnographic research to gain insights into the culture or behaviors of the consumers/end-users.  Companies now have the ability to dig deeper to see the needs of their target audience and develop a product that speaks directly to them. However, as pointed out in a Bloomberg Business Week article in 2006, Ethnography conducted in the business world needs fast results. While anthropologists might have years to conduct a study, “businesses need results in weeks.”

This need for speed presents some interesting questions about ethnographic research in the business world. If it takes time to immerse oneself into a culture, can businesses take the time needed to conduct research and still remain relevant?  How can businesses utilize Ethnography in a timely manner while providing valuable data?

Posted by: Donna Z. Davis, Ph.D. | May 6, 2014

Would love your thoughts

Given what we’ve been talking about in class the past couple of weeks — especially understanding our audiences and finding the right voice and tone to represent our narratives, what do you all think about this PSA campaign?

Posted by: lindseynewkirk | May 6, 2014

Establishing Familiarity in Ethnographic Research

It’s not surprising that a researcher must induce a familiarity and affiliation amongst a research subject(s) in order to obtain the greatest opportunity to capture accurate data.  Lindlof and Bryan (2011) explain that a researcher must have intimate knowledge of a culture, be identified by the group as being “like me” or “my kind of member”, establish empathy, and generally assimilate into a cultural situation (Lindlof and Bryan, 2011, pg 142-143). This fully embraced absorption and solidarity is required to gain trust and ultimately establish an authentic experience that the researcher can witness.

Imagine a researcher from a multi-national agriculture conglomerate conducting ethnographic research in a community of family farmers. Or an American middle class white woman trying to assimilate into the culture of a community of disenfranchised Sudanese families living in a refugee camp. It’s unfortunate, because even the researcher with the biggest heart and best of intentions would not be able to create a successful research project in being so unlike the community of interest. As Lindlof and Bryan (2011) point out, there will always be some level of difference between researcher and group members. What is essential is to recognize which of the identities is most important to share in any given situation.

Posted by: Melissa De Lyser | May 5, 2014

Sensory bias in ethnography

True confession: Until I started this class, I didn’t know what ethnography was. Lindlof and Taylor’s description of ethnographers’ goals – describing and interpreting the observable relationships between social practices and systems of meaning based upon firsthand experience and exploration of a particular cultural setting – definitely clarified things. Defining ethnography as a part of field data in anthropological and/or sociological does indeed add an exotic element to the concept, invoking images of Margaret Mead in Samoa.

I was fascinated by Patricia Alder’s approach to sensory bias: Requiring students to view situations without audio and then without video. What a great exercise. I’ve always been fascinated by the sensory bias aspect of the 1960 Nixon-Kennedy debate. Those who heard the debate on radio felt Nixon was the victor. But 88% of Americans who saw the debate on television declared the young, handsome Kennedy the winner. Visuals – in this case appearance – biased viewer perception.

Laura Mansfield’s audio-only concept – emphasizing authentic voice – creates a participatory experience in which the listener hears the story, without the competing influence of visuals. It’s a pure form of story/ethnography: The nuance and emotion of voice without the influence/bias of visual.

It is clear that an interpretation of a situation through audio observation only can be significantly different than interpretation through audio and visual. Is the difference in interpretation through visual observation only as dramatic? Is visual bias the strongest sensory bias field worker’s should guard against?

Posted by: B. Scott Anderson | April 30, 2014

Company statements and stakeholders

In the Weber and Marley (2009) article, I found the fluctuation of corporate social reporting — and consequently how it’s viewed by stakeholders — pretty interesting because it seems like this would be an area to cut out from the reports (were these types of reports included in the 10Ks of companies?). I say that because when most stakeholders look at these reports, they’re looking at the bottom line (dollars and cents) to see how the company has performed because they have some vested, financial interest. Do stakeholders read these reports if they’re not financially motivated?

Anyway, it would seem like the corporate social reporting in one of these reports wouldn’t have much of an impact on the bottom line. However, I’d be willing to bet that years down the road, the goings-on in the corporate social world would play a fairly significant factor in the company’s financial health, and consequently, it would affect the stakeholders.

When it came to the results of the Weber and Marley (2009) article, I wasn’t sure how the findings would come out because my knowledge of the world of corporate social responsibility (in terms of stakeholder salience) in other countries is fairly limited, but I did think Hypothesis No. 5 would be supported by the data. When I read four of the five hypotheses were not supported by the data, it was surprising.

Ultimately, wouldn’t it be better to study actual stakeholders than what Weber and Marley did?

Posted by: kpokrass | April 30, 2014

Stakeholder Analysis

The Mind Tools’ Stakeholder Analysis article presents a smart process to utilize when having to identify and strategize about key decision makers. The process they present can especially be helpful on projects where you’re working with external clients who need to be “won over.” However, I’m uncomfortable with the concept of using the tool on your co-workers. While I agree that you need to understand what motivates your co-workers when working on a project. I think completing a power/interest grid about the people  you closely work with feels somewhat sneaky. I guess I could see if you were working on a large corporate initiative for executives and you needed to strategize about  people who you typically don’t work with on a daily basis. But, in a close collaborative working environment, I’m uncomfortable with the overall concept.

I’m all for using this tool on large projects where you’re trying to win work from external stakeholders, but on co-workers, I’m just not sold. When is it appropriate to use the tool below? Is it appropriate to use on your co-workers? Or is this tool better suited to use on external stakeholders?

Posted by: Joel Arellano | April 30, 2014

Websites and stakeholder legitimacy

Weber and Marley’s results make sense, but I’m confused why the authors excluded companies with social responsibility reports on their web pages, rather than as standalone downloads, since the former seems better designed to engage many of the external, non-traditional stakeholders with which this research is concerned. Such folks aren’t likely to download and peruse a report, much less be previously aware of it or seek one out. Any such internal report would have to be digested then presented in just such a user-friendly fashion to reach stakeholders beyond the corporate community.

The authors also conclude that, “seeing a business stakeholder only in terms of legitimacy… would be incomplete and vulnerable to… unexpected impacts…” (643). I think it could also be helpful to simply broaden the context in which we consider stakeholders legitimate. Though the authors state on 630 that they’ll later define the three salience terms, I never saw those definitions arrive, so I assume they simply agreed with the previous description of “legitimacy as a powerful influence in the social network” (672). I’m not sure why “the social network” is included there, but the idea of legitimacy as simply having influence seems complete in itself. I’m not even sure why we need that three-type triangle, since power is a measure of influence, and urgency is irrelevant except as an intensifier of the other two measures- it does not have any value on its own.

Posted by: lindseynewkirk | April 29, 2014

Chicken or the Egg, the Strategy or the Report?

In their article “In Search of Stakeholder Salience: Exploring Corporate Sustainability Reports”, Weber and Marley surveyed 400 CEOs and senior executives, of which 9 of 10 stated they are “doing more than they did five years ago to incorporate environmental issues into their core business strategies.” The authors frame the reporting as presenting an opportunity to enhance business image and to communicate their successes, but I would wager to bet that the pressure for CSR reporting is what in large part got these leaders to develop CSR strategies in the first place. Sure, the business case for CSR has been made in recent years, but in the earlier days when skepticism about it’s value was widespread, I would think that it was the transparency that resulted from this new social disclosure that was the catalyst to get businesses leaders to think twice about their impact based on stakeholder perception, not that they had a care, strategy and story to tell in the first place. Was it really perceived as opportunity or where the initial social and environmental strategies implemented begrudgingly because of the expectation to report on them?  

It’s hard to know what came first, the chicken or the egg, the strategy or the report, but this article gives me knew perspective about the roots in business responsibility. Could increased normalization and even standardization of CSR reporting increase pressure to do more?Image

Posted by: Natalie Henry Bennon | April 28, 2014

Stakeholder Analysis

The Mind Tools stakeholder analysis is a fairly simple tool, but it is powerful in its simplicity and straightforwardness. I am embarking on a new professional contract/client, and I decided I should do a stakeholder analysis on the client and the project she has offered me.

The project is helping with the communications side of passing two specific federal land protection efforts. I identified numerous stakeholders, including her (my boss), her bosses, her grantees (she works for a foundation), other environmental groups, a couple political coalitions, the press, the public, my family, Sen. Ron Wyden, and Sen. Patty Murray (the two congressional members we are targeting), and President Obama.

The people who have the highest power and the highest interest in the project are my direct client/boss, the coalitions working toward this same goal, and the grantees the foundation has funded to work toward this goal. Some of the questions posed are good questions I can ask when working with of the stakeholders.

The press and the senators are also very important stakeholders, but they have low interest and part of the goal is to increase their interest.

As I get further into this project and learn the names of the people I will be communicating with, and start actually communicating with them, I plan to do the next Mind Tools exercise: Stakeholder Management. Has anyone else written out a stakeholder analysis or management plan before? What was the most useful part for you?

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